Role of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone, Leptin Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone, Follicle-Stimulating Hormone, and Obesity in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
Keywords:
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone, Leptin hormone, Luteinizing Hormone, Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, ObesityAbstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder that affects women and impacts the ovaries. Obesity, genetics, and the environment are major causes of PCOS. Many disorders are associated with PCOS such as anovulation, hyperinsulinemia, and trouble with the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary axis. Luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) are some of the hormones affected in PCOS. A high leptin level in obese women is the main cause for elevation of GnRH. The aim of this study is to determine the roles of GnRH, leptin, LH, and FSH in the occurrence of polycystic ovarian syndrome. A biochemical study was carried out from January to march 2024, involving 100 samples from Iraqi women suffered from PCOS collected from Al-Zahraa teaching hospital and Al-Diwaniyah hospital of children ,alongside 100 samples from healthy women. Measurement of GnRH , Leptin ,LH , FSH concentration were achieved by using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. The P-value test was utilized to analyze the data and determine the statistical significance of the study results. The concentrations of GnRH, leptin, LH, and FSH hormones were elevated in PCOS patients compared to the control group. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed in these parameters between PCOS patients and the control group, with a P-value of 0.0001* for all parameters. Elevated levels of GnRH, leptin, LH, and FSH are highly associated with the occurrence of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and contribute to hormonal imbalances depending on the stage of the condition. There is a correlation between leptin and GnRH: elevated leptin levels in obese women lead to increased stimulation of GnRH from the hypothalamus, which, in turn, stimulates the pituitary gland to produce more LH and FSH. Obesity is considered a primary factor in the elevation of GnRH levels in PCOS, resulting in symptoms such as hyperandrogenism and hyperinsulinemia.
References
Tella Barber, “Why are women with polycystic ovary syndrome obese?,” British Medical Bulletin, vol. 143, no. 1, pp. 4–15, Mar. 2022. doi:10.1093/bmb/ldac007
Caraan Solomon, “The epidemiology of polycystic ovary syndrome,” Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 247–263, Jun. 1999. doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70069-4
Robert Norman, Rujin Wu, and Marcin Stankiewicz, “4: Polycystic ovary syndrome,” Medical Journal of Australia, vol. 180, no. 3, pp. 132–137, Feb. 2004. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2004.tb05838.x
Robert Casper, “Basic understanding of gonadotropin-releasing hormone–agonist triggering,” Fertility and Sterility, vol. 103, no. 4, pp. 867–869, Apr. 2015. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.12.129
Vanina Lanabere and Sella Dasso, “Análisis de los Flujos extremos de electrones energéticos en el cinturón de radiación exterior y en la anomalía magnética del atlántico sur,” Meteorologica, vol. 46, no. 2, Jun. 2021. doi:10.24215/1850468xe006
Bodel Ohlsson, “Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and its physiological and pathophysiological roles in relation to the structure and function of the gastrointestinal tract,” European Surgical Research, vol. 57, no. 1–2, pp. 22–33, 2016. doi:10.1159/000445717
“Gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonist,” Definitions, Feb. 2020. doi:10.32388/s803y9
Ali Abbara and Wilget Dhillo, “Targeting elevated gnrh pulsatility to treat polycystic ovary syndrome,” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 106, no. 10, Jun. 2021. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab422
Aimee Caldwell et al., “Neuroendocrine androgen action is a key extraovarian mediator in the development of polycystic ovary syndrome,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 114, no. 16, Mar. 2017. doi:10.1073/pnas.1616467114
Partap Kumar and Sammerfaruk Sait, “Luteinizing hormone and its dilemma in Ovulation Induction,” Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences, vol. 4, no. 1, p. 2, 2011. doi:10.4103/0974-1208.82351
Johannes Hebebrand et al., “The role of hypoleptinemia in the psychological and behavioral adaptation to starvation: Implications for anorexia nervosa,” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, vol. 141, p. 104807, Oct. 2022. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104807
Winyan Fu and Yanpg Kuang, “Role of luteinizing hormone elevation in outcomes of ovulation induction with letrozole for polycystic ovary syndrome,” Frontiers in Medicine, vol. 10, Apr. 2023. doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1113840
Adam Balen, et al., “Miscarriage rates following in-vitro fertilization are increased in women with polycystic ovaries and reduced by pituitary desensitization with Buserelin,” Human Reproduction, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 959–964, Jun. 1993. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138174
Mario Ascoli, “Regulation of luteinizing hormone receptors and actions,” Luteinizing Hormone Action and Receptors, pp. 198–218, Aug. 2019. doi:10.1201/9780429285684-6
Cario Cahoreau et al., “Structure–function relationships of glycoprotein hormones and their subunitsâ€TM ancestors,” Frontiers in Endocrinology, vol. 6, Feb. 2015. doi:10.3389/fendo.2015.00026
“Book review: Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach, 8th edition,” Annals of Pharmacotherapy, vol. 45, no. 12, pp. 1594–1595, Nov. 2011. doi:10.1345/aph.1q315
Zahraae Saadia, “Follicle stimulating hormone (LH: FSH) ratio in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) - obese vs. non- obese women,” Medical Archives, vol. 74, no. 4, p. 289, 2020. doi:10.5455/medarh.2020.74.289-293
Turki, T. G., Hashim, N. M., Abed, B. A., & Al-Shuhaib, M. B. S. Association of the growth hormone releasing hormone (rs368475481) polymorphism with acromegaly disorder in Iraqi patient. JNZ Herpetol, 12, 3112-3122, (2023). .?
Patiza Limonta and Marllena Manea, “Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors as molecular therapeutic targets in prostate cancer: Current options and emerging strategies,” Cancer Treatment Reviews, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 647–663, Oct. 2013. doi:10.1016/j.ctrv.2012.12.003
Ping Zhou et al., “IGF-I signaling is essential for FSH stimulation of Akt and steroidogenic genes in granulosa cells,” Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 511–523, Mar. 2013. doi:10.1210/me.2012-1307
Roy Homburg, “3 adverse effects of luteinizing hormone on fertility: Fact or fantasy,” Baillière’s Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 555–563, Dec. 1998. doi:10.1016/s0950-3552(98)80051-5
Chars Mantzoros, et al. “Leptin concentrations in the polycystic ovary syndrome1,” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 82, no. 6, pp. 1687–1691, Jun. 1997. doi:10.1210/jcem.82.6.4017 .
Yuanyuan Peng et al., “Elevated serum leptin levels as a predictive marker for polycystic ovary syndrome,” Frontiers in Endocrinology, vol. 13, Mar. 2022. doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.845165
Mash. Seth et al., “‘Association of Leptin with Polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis,’” The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India, vol. 71, no. 6, pp. 567–576, Aug. 2021. doi:10.1007/s13224-021-01510-0
Zahraa Isam Jameel, “Four microrna gene polymorphisms are associated with Iraqi patients with colorectal cancer,” Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics, vol. 25, no. 1, Apr. 2024. doi:10.1186/s43042-024-00521-6
Halla Adul-Hadi Chabuk and Zahraa Isam Jameel, “Relationship between the monoamine oxidase gene overactivity and the other pathophysiological and behavioral parameters implicated in memory deficiency in Albino Winstar Rats as alzheimer’s disease model,” Journal of Applied and Natural Science, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 1274–1282, Dec. 2021. doi:10.31018/jans.v13i4.3024
Zahraa Isam, Rabab Omran, and Ammad Hassan Mahmood, “Single-nucleotide polymorphisms of calcium-sensing receptor encoding gene associated with calcium kidney stone disease in Babylon Province,” Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, vol. 11, no. 2, p. 417, Feb. 2018. doi:10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i2.22064
Zahraa Isam, Rabab Omran Al-jelawi-, and Ammad Hassan Mahmood, “Detection single nucleotide polymorphisms in Uromodulin promoter region associated with renal diseases using single-strand conformation polymorphism-polymerase chain polymorphisms technique,” Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 205, Jan. 2018. doi:10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i1.22063
Zahraa Isam Jameel , "Bioinformatics Usage, Application and Challenges to Detect Human Genetic Diseases (Mini Review)," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.10, Issue.5, pp.59-67, 2023.
Zahraa isam Jameel, Zahraa Lawi, Naval Al-Dujaili -Investigation of SOD2 Gene Polymorphism in the Patients with Type Two Diabetes Disease in Babylon Province Biochem Cell Arch, |; vol.10,no.06,pp.70-75, 2019.
Zahraa Isam Jameel , "MicroRNA Biogenesis, Mechanisms of Function, Circulation and Application Role in Human Diseases," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.10, Issue.5, pp.71-80, 2023.
Zahraa Isam Jameel , "Bioinformatics Usage, Application and Challenges to Detect Human Genetic Diseases (Mini Review)," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.10, Issue.5, pp.59-67, 2023.
Zahraa Jameel, Zahraa Lawi, Naval Al-Dujaili -Investigation of SOD2 Gene Polymorphism in the Patients with Type Two Diabetes Disease in Babylon Province Biochem Cell Arch, 2019|; vol.10,no.06,pp.70-75
Shiv Kumar Sharma, Teena Gupta, “A Novel Approach for Plant Environment,” International Journal of Biological Sciences, Vol.4, Issue.12, pp.1-5, 2014.
Reena Solanki, “A Proposed New Approach for Cell Biology,” In the Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference of Medical Sciences, India, pp.542-545, 2016.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors contributing to this journal agree to publish their articles under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, allowing third parties to share their work (copy, distribute, transmit) and to adapt it, under the condition that the authors are given credit and that in the event of reuse or distribution, the terms of this license are made clear.
Download Article Template
