Impact of fertilizer urea on liver histopathology of fresh water snake head, Channa punctata
Keywords:
Channa punctata, fish, histopathology, liver, ureaAbstract
The widespread use of agrochemicals such as fertilizers in agricultural practices have been predicted to show adverse effects on fish, since bulk of the fertilizers sprayed on agricultural crops find way into water bodies. The effect of commonly used fertilizer, urea on histopathology of fresh water teleost fish Channa punctata was studied. The median lethal concentration after exposing fish to urea for 96 hours (96-h LC50) was found to be 19.75 gL-1 and for the chronic toxicity tests spanning for 28 days, sublethal concentrations of urea, viz., 1.97 g L−1 (1/10th 96-h LC50) and 9.87 g L−1 (1/2 of 96-h LC50) were considered. Accordingly, two test groups having 3 replicates with 5 fish in each one were exposed to 1.97 g L−1 and 9.87 g L−1 urea. Control in tap water without urea was simultaneously run. After 28 days of chronic exposure fish liver samples were collected, processed, stained in Hematoxylin-Eosin and observed under light microscope for histopathological alterations. The liver of control group were normal while the fish exposed to urea showed signs of hepatic alterations such as dilation of sinusoids, vacuolation and necrosis, with severity increasing with dose. This study revealed that urea, which seems innocuous, could actually induce various histopathological anomalies in fish, posing a threat to ecosystem.
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