Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Leaf Extracts of Gymnema sylvestre against Pathogenic Bacteria
Keywords:
Gymnema sylvestre, pathogenic microorganisms, antibacterial activity, bioactive componentsAbstract
The aim of our present study to investigate the phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of Etholnolic and Chloroform leaf extracts of Gymnema sylvestre against some important pathogenic bacteria. The Ethonoloic and Choloroform leaf extracts of G.sylvestre showed significant antibacterial against some clinically important gram negative and gram positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC6538), Enterococcuc faecalis (ATCC 29212) and Escheria coli (ATCC8739), Salmonella enterica (ATCC 10798) respectively. The in-vitro antibacterial activity was performed by agar well diffusion method (25, 50, 75 and 100 µg/ml ). The maximum inhibition zone of ethonolic leaf extract was found in 100 µg /ml against gram negative bacteria such as Salmonella enterica (26mm), Escheria coli (24mm) and gram positive bacteria such as Enterocococcus faecalis (26mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (24mm). The maximum inhibition zone of chloroform leaf extracts found in 100 µg/ml (25,50,75, and 100 µg/ ml) against gram negative bacteria such as Salmonella enterica (24mm), Escheria coli (24mm) and gram positive bacteria Enterocococcus faecalis (23mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (23mm). The phytochemical tests were carried out and showed that the antibacterial activity of plant Gymnema sylvestre leaves were due to presence of phytochemical compounds such as Alkaloids, Flvanoids, Glycosides, Reducing sugar, Tannins, Saponins, Polysaccharides and Phenols. The ethonolic and choloroform leaf extracts of Gymnema sylvestre showed maximum inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterocococcus faecalis, Salmonella enterica and Escheriacoli. The Ciprofloxacin was used as a positive control.
References
R.B. Pratibha and Pratibha Singh, “Antimicrobial activity of Gymnemic acid on pathogens- Gymnema sylvestre”, International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, Vol.3, No. 5, pp.40-45, 2014.
R. E. Hancock, A. Nijink, D. J. Philpott, “Modulating immunity as a therapy for bacterial Infections”, Nat. Rev. Microbiol., Vol.10, pp. 243-254, 2012.
J. Bruenton, “Pharamacognosy, Phytochemistry, Medicinal plants”, Lavoilver Publishing Co., France, pp. 265-380,1995,
M. Murugan, V.R. Mohan and V. Thamodharan, “Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of Gymnema sylvestre (Retz) R. Br ex. Schultes and Morinda pubescens J.E. Smith var. pubescens”, Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol.2, Issue,2, pp.73-76, 2012.
J. Kader, H. M. Noor, S.M. Radzi and N.A.A. Wahab, “ Pharmacodynamic Properties of Extracts from Different Parts of Euphorbia hirta on Staphylococcus epidermidis and Shigella sonnei”, Asian Journal of Biochemicial and Pharmaceutical Research, Vol,3, Issue.4, pp.154-164, 2013.
Sudhanshu, M. Sandhya, Nidhi Rao, Mohit Soni, and Ecta Menghassi, “Phytochemical Potentials of Gymnema Sylvestre, Adiantum Lunulatum, Bryonia Laciniosa”, Asian Journal of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Research, Vol. 2, Issue.3, pp.8-13, 2012.
W. Stocklin, “Chemistry and physiological properties of gymnemic acid, the antisaccharine principle of the leaves of Gymnema sylvestre”, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol .17, Issue. 4, pp.704-708, 1969.
R. K. Sative, P. Abhilash, D.D. Fulzele, “Antimicrobial activity of Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract” Fitoterapia, No.74, pp.699-701, 2003.
V. K. Sing P. Dwivedi, B. R. Chaudhary, B. R. Sing, “Immunomodulatory Effect of R. Gymnema sylvestre (Br.) Leaf Extract: An In Vitro Study in Rat Model”, PLos ONE, Vol.10, Issue.10, journal pone. 01396, 2015.
C. K. Kokate, A. P. Purohit, S. B. Gokhale, “Pharmocognasy”, Nirali Prakasan, 36th Edition, Pune, pp.252, 2006.
P. Muthukumaran, P. Shunmuganathan and C. Malathi, “Antioxidative and Antimicrobial Study of Aerva Lanata”, Asian Journal of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Research, Vol. 1, Issue 2, pp.265-271, 2011.
K. R. Shanmugasundaram , C. Panneerselvam , P. Samudram, E. R. Shanmugasundaram, “Enzyme changes and glucose utilisation in diabetic rabbits: the effect of Gymnema sylvestre, R.Br”, Journal of. Ethnopharmacol., No.7, pp.205-234, 1983.
Y. Kurihara, “Characteristics of antisweet substances, sweet proteins and sweetness inducing protein”, Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., No.32, pp.231-252, 1992.
A. Bishayee and M. Chatterjee, “ Hypolipemic and antiatherosclerotic effects of oral Gymnema sylvestre R.Br. leaf extract in albino rats fed on a high fat diet”, Phytotheraphy, Res.8, pp.118-120, 1994.
L. D. Kapoor, “CRC Handbook of Ayurvedic medicinal plants”, Boca Raton: CRC Press; pp.200-201, 1990.
T. Pragya, B. N. Mishra, and S. Neelam, Sangwan, “Phytochemical and Pharmacological Properties of Gymnema sylvestre: An Important Medicinal Plant” Hindwai Publishing Corporation, Bio. Med. Res. Inter., Article ID 830285 pp.1-18, 2014.
G. K. Kishore Naidu K. Chandra Sekar Naidu and B. Sujatha, “In Vitro Antibacterial Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Leaves of Gymnema sylvestre Retz.R.Br”, International Journal of Pharm. Tech. Research.,Vol.3, Issue.5, pp.1315-1320, 2013.
C. Bhuvaneswari, R. Kiranmaycc and G. Archana, “Phytochemical analysis of Gymnema sylvestre and evaluation of its antimicrobial activity”, Natural Product Research, Vol.6, Issue.27, pp.583-587, 2013.
Dey B and Sita Raman M.V, “Laboratory Manual of organic Chemistry”. S.Viswanathan publication, Madras, 1957.
Gillespie, S.H, “Evolution of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: clinical and molecular perspective”, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, No.46, pp.267-274, 2002.
Indian Pharmacopoeia, Govt. of India, The Controller of Publications, Delhi, 1996.
A. Wajaht Shah and Sofi Mubashir, “Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Myricaria Germanica” Asian Journal of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Research, Vol.3, Issue. 4, pp.135-139, 2013.
B. Bader and A. Saeed, “Evaluation of Antimicrobial Action of Selected Sudanese Folk Medicinal Plants “, Asian Journal of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Research, Vol. 6, Issue.2 pp.157-163, 2016.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors contributing to this journal agree to publish their articles under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, allowing third parties to share their work (copy, distribute, transmit) and to adapt it, under the condition that the authors are given credit and that in the event of reuse or distribution, the terms of this license are made clear.
Download Article Template
